World War II Bombers in Photographs

Cs Lewis 4 Loves - 1982 Words

Introduction: C.S. Lewis writes about God-love and Gift-love and the differences between both. He starts off describing Need-love. The best I can describe Need-love is in this passage on page 2: We are born helpless. As soon as we are fully conscious we discover loneliness. We need others physically, emotionally, intellectually; we need them if we are to know anything, even ourselves. We can perceive Need-love to be selfish but as C.S. Lewis uses an example to describe how Need-love is not always selfish, Need-love in consciousness- in other words, the illusory feeling that it is good for us to be alone- is a bad spiritual symptom; just as lack of appetite is a bad medical symptom because men do really need food. After this Lewis†¦show more content†¦Lewis goes on to say that these three do not only apply to ones country but to other things as well. Affection: Affection is, as C.S. Lewis describes it, Love in which our experience seems to differ least form that of the animals (p. 31). The Greeks call affection love storge. C.S. Lewis gives us an example of storge, which involves a women and her child. C.S. Lewis explains The Need and Need-love of the young is obvious; so is the Gift-love of the motherÂ…. There is a paradox. It is a Need-love but what it needs is to give. It is a Gift-love but it needs to be needed (p. 32). C.S. Lewis goes on to say that this love is the most discriminating of all the loves and Almost anyone can become an object of Affection; the ugly, the stupid, even the exasperating (p. 32). Affection pays no attention to age, sex, class, education, and even species. C.S. Lewis gives the most important cause of Affection, familiarity. One must be familiar with an object, animal, or person in able to feel Affection towards it. Once Affection is noticed within the relationship some time has already gone by after Affect ion has become. In other words no one can say when Affection actually began in a relationship. C.S. 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Intellectual Property Rights Assignments - Click to Get Solution

Question: How important is intellectual property to the world economy? Should the averae consumer concern himself or herself with theft of intellectual property? What about the average citizen? The average worker? Does intellectual property theft undermine the workings of the free-market system? What is the impact of Chinas lack of aggressive enforcement of intellectual property rights on its economic development in the short run? In the long run? Answer: Introduction Intellectual Property rights form the basis of the well-functioning market systems of today. With any capitalist system, the maximum value out of the product must go to the innovator or the creator. This concept motivates them to create new state of the art innovations and create brands and products which consumers tend to remember over a long period of time. Intellectual Property rights tend to protect the manufacturers in the world economy. They are like rights to safeguard ones creativity. (Ross, 2012) Thesis statement The indispensable need of IPR, the setbacks of wanting awareness regarding it and the consequences of its deficiency Purpose of paper The paper focusses on the importance of IPR globally and how a slapdash system of restriction operated in different economies can bring stagnancy in their revenue generation. Overview of paper The paper gives a synopsis about the prevalent drawbacks of the dearth of IPR, pitfall in the patenting systems of today, how the awareness about IPR is the need of the hour and how various economies like china are experiencing a dip in revenue in spite of their tie-ups with larger brands Body It is often observed that intellectual property is not a property but is rather opposite to private-property or the free-market order. Patent are considered as exclusive monopolies being brought into interest to promote personal benefits. Initially, granting of patents was being done by governments to raise capital with using the tax clauses. In return, the patentee received protection from the competitors. Today, we come across a democratic and institutional intellectual property system. While now anyone can apply, the purpose has become somewhat deviant. Some organizations just apply to keep the competitors at docks. Now, creativity or discouragement occurs in cases where an organization lagging in research applies for a patent in comparison to a researcher much closer to results. As the scenario of challenging an organization with millions of patents registered in its name seems rather laughable, the individual may end up not getting the actual intellectual property protection whi ch we were out to protect in the first place. (Perkowski, 2012) Even in US, the founding fathers saw the IPR as ways of inducing and nurturing creativity. For the sole purpose, patents were allocated for minimal periods. The language of protection is used to protect the monopolies and make the actual individuals in need suffer. We realize that intellectual property in many ways undermines the free market system. One of the major areas known for its piracy activities globally are in the lands of China. We saw multiple instances of piracy and how Chinese government has failed to create stronger restriction in order to force people to abstain from such practices. Lack of aggressive enforcement of intellectual property rights leads to damage to economy in the short run also. The increasing piracy levels tend to act as negative agents and reduce profitability. Further, creativity is lost and consumers are exposed to counterfeit products and sub-standard quality. Brand loyalty is jeopardized and organizations end up losing a large chunk of their revenues. Thus, damage to company reputation and financials occur. This is a negative agent and prevents companies from investing in such a market. (Why is IP Important) Further, when it comes to the pharmaceutical sector, we realize some fake manufacturers have gone a step ahead and sell pirated medicines. The composition of such medicines is incorrect and can cause to loss of life or severe health conditions can result from consumption. But since the regulations are softer, the culprits tend to get off easily. Further, as we read most of these have associations within the government which makes them go ahead easily and creating the piracy nuisance.(Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Creative Economy, 2013) Presence of fake luxury products like fake Rolex watches or Prada bags only leads to loss of revenue for these big organizations. Further, there is a possibility associated with piracy. The piracy also leads to loss of revenue on behalf of the government. As billing is improper, the government may lose taxes and suffer in the long run. This brings economic harm and creates panic in the system. We must not forget that foreign nations tend to suffer more in this scenario. This forces them to reduce or innovate. For E.g. EA sports came up with more online market based products due to which CD based gaming was reduced. Ultimately, the product went off the shelves and was purchasable mainly online. Due to this, there was loss of revenue for retailers and further, jobs cut occurred in industries which were in some or the other way associated with hardware parts of the same in China. (Worstall, 2015) Thus, it is important to realize that although the results may not be totally evident in the short run, the impact becomes severe in the long run. Thus, interest of corporations as well as common individuals can be protected by preventing piracy. Chinese government should focus on stronger and stringent clauses for the same. Conclusion Absence of IPR can only cause efforts of a sole entity or individual and benefits are attained by others. In such scenarios, people tend to abstain from creativity and become more dependent. Although, globalization has introduced huge piracy into the system due to income disparities of developed and developing economies, presence and importance of IPR cannot be ignored. In the parallel case, the recognition is also lost by the creator. We saw the example of a Chinese firm emulating Abro brand. Thus, consumer awareness in a region is limited to the fake entity and the real product value and brand recognition is also lost. Also, presence of fake products increases in the absence of IPR. Fake products promote negative brand image as the brand name is same but the quality is compromised. Also, the loss considerations remain for the intellectual property right owners. (Kassner) Organizations lose huge amounts of revenues due to this case. Ultimately, smaller organizations or individuals are forced to make changes which may not be suitable either to the organization or its consumers. Thus, prevention of piracy and upholding the IPR becomes extremely important for individual entrepreneurs and organizations.(Ohim) Lessons Learned and Recommendations The question of awareness seems more important at higher level than at lower income levels. Yet, the importance cannot be ignored. It is very important for average consumer to know about the concept of piracy and theft of intellectual property. Often, customers unaware buy a product in the name of a great brand. The piracy causes cheating for brand loyal consumers, who may have a bad experience after use and may end up using a different brand. In other cases, customer value for money is not achieved by purchase of products which are in any form related to theft of intellectual property. Poor product value with same amount of money amounts to cheating and thus, customer protection can only occur via awareness about intellectual property rights and prevention of piracy. (Globalization and the Economics of Intellectual Property rights: Dancing the dual distortion) It is also important for average worker to be aware and concerned about intellectual property. With increase in piracy, the products demand reduces. Ultimately, organization has more supply. It either reduces its prices or ends up producing less. In either case, there is a loss of revenue. When the organizations fail to reach a breakeven, job cuts occur and people or average workers end up losing jobs. (Kinsella) For an average citizen too, IPR is very important. Piracy is not only in CDs or content but seen in pharmaceutical zones. In such cases, the life of an individual can be jeopardized. Hence, control of piracy can be made by an aware citizen. This ultimately will prove beneficial to the individual himself. Bibliography (n.d.). Retrieved 28 August 2015, from https://www.mpaa.org/intellectual-property-is-vital-to-the-future-of-american-workers/ Chinas IP Reform: State Interests Align with Intellectual Property Protection (Again). (n.d.). Retrieved 28 August 2015, from https://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/patent/chinas-ip-reform-state-interests-align-with-intellectual-property-protection-again Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights in China. (n.d.). Retrieved 28 August 2015, from https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/enforcing-intellectual-property-rights-in-china/ European citizens and Intellectual Property: perception, awareness and behaviour. (n.d.). Retrieved 28 August 2015, from https://www.iprhelpdesk.eu/node/2134 Globalization and Intellectual Property Rights: Dancing the dual distortion. (n.d.). Institute of International Economics. Retrieved from https://www2.dse.unibo.it/naghavi/maskusIPR.pdf Kinsella, S. N. (n.d.). How Intellectual Property Hampers the Free Market | Foundation for Economic Education. Retrieved 28 August 2015, from https://fee.org/freeman/how-intellectual-property-hampers-the-free-market/ Perkowski, J. (n.d.). Protecting Intellectual Property Rights In China.Forbes. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackperkowski/2012/04/18/protecting-intellectual-property-rights-in-china/ Why is IP Important? | Global Intellectual Property Center. (n.d.). Retrieved 28 August 2015, from https://www.theglobalipcenter.com/resources/why-is-ip-important/ World Economic Forum. (2013, October). Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Creative Economy. Retrieved 28 August 2015, from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC/2013/WEF_GAC_IntellectualPropertyRights_GlobalCreativeEconomy_Report_2013.pdf Worstall, T. (n.d.). The Entire Concept Of Intellectual Property Is Proof That Free Markets Arent Perfect. Forbes. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/01/25/the-entire-concept-of-intellectual-property-is-proof-that-free-markets-arent-perfect/

Synthesis Paper The Geology Of Martian free essay sample

Rocks Essay, Research Paper On July 4, 1997 the Mars Pathfinder eventually came to rest after 90 proceedingss of resiling about on the Martian surface. The intent of the mission was to research the Martian surface, collect and analyze the chemical make-up of Martian stones, and prove the new engineering and package put into this mission. Scientists back on Earth hoped to progress their cognition of the Martian surface and from that informations, reconstruct past surface characteristics. Using this of import informations, scientists can find the home ground of Mars. Besides, engineers hoped to progress their cognition on new package and electronics to be used for future infinite geographic expedition. All the clip and attempt put into this mission has paid off because the mission was a success. The Pathfinder successfully carried out all of its responsibilities. It collected assorted stones, analyzed the geological construction of the stone, recorded the informations and that information was sent to the scientis ts back on Earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis Paper The Geology Of Martian or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many new facts were uncovered about the Martian surface ; such as H2O laid in multitudes all over the surface, vents were present and other important characteristics. Analyzing the geological traits of the Martian stones, patterned advance of engineering is indicated, the past geological characteristics of Red planets can be postulated by scientists, and how this new technology/geological cognition can foster the hereafter of world. Presented in Mechanical Engineering entitled Roving over Mars, by Donald Bickler, is the Mars mission from the technological position. Much clip and attempt was put into developing this advanced engineering. The Pathfinder was equipped with the latest engineering so that it will carry through its intent. The applied scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) took into history all the physical characteristics of Mars so that the Pathfinder does non meet any jobs. Problems that the squad perceived were the surface s characteristics and temperature ( Bickler ) . The squad equipped the Pathfinder with a six-wheeled base, spider legged type. With a base of 79 millimetres combined with the wheels, that enabled the Pathfinder to research the Martian surface with easiness. The squad besides took into history the below stop deading temperature of Mars, so they implemented the Pathfinder with a hi-tech aerogel-insulated, fiber reinforced-plastic composite organic structure heated by t hree radioisotope-heating units. This prevented the Pathfinder s constituents from stop deading when the temperature dropped down to negative 73 grades Celsius, even though this new device was designed to take temperatures up to negative one-hundred grades Celsius ( Kasting, Squyres ) . Most constituents required separate heating units to guarantee entire protection in the instance of a catastrophe. Significant other devices included the Imager for Mars Pathfinder Camera ( IMP ) , the oculus of the Pathfinder and the oculus for scientists into Mars past and present. The Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer ( APXS ) was used in analysing the Martian stone samples ( Bell ) . With the new engineering put into consequence, the Pathfinder was able to transport out all of its undertakings which were to examine the Martian surface, collect and analyze stone samples. The devices aboard the Pathfinder enabled scientists to analyse, enter the informations and direct the information back to Earth, without scientist physically being on Mars. This is the biggest achievement to day of the month for world. This new engineering will be helpful for future missions non merely to Mars, but besides to other planets waiting to be studied and possibly even discovered. None the less, the geological position of the Mars mission was perceived in: Red planets Pathfinder ( Space Probe ) , written by Jim Bell, and the article Possible Glimpse of Earth-like Geology in Mars. Richard A. Kerr. One trouble encountered in construing the Pathfinder s informations was that the stones were coated with all right ruddy dust. Volcanic stones are powdered or glassy, sedimentary stones tend to be layered, and stones formed by an impact are normally breccias, composed of angular fragments. Rock form is sometimes related to texture, because the manner a stone interruption into smaller pieces normally reflects its internal characteristics ( Kerr ) . Most of the stones collected and analyzed by the Pathfinder were unbroken, which told scientist that they were molded and shaped by predominating air currents and eroding. Presence of cysts indicated some of the stones were volcanic. Abrasions on the samples concluded to scientists that there was, or still is, wind nowadays on Mars ( Bell ) . One group of stones, that excited the Pathfinder scientists shortly after set downing, had a bright pink colour and tabular form to it. These stones raised hopes of placing sedimentary stones. A unsmooth chronology for stones at the landing site has been proposed based on the ascertained spectral characteristics. The oldest stones at the site were the big, rounded bowlders with maroon coatings, deposited by inundations and likely stained by reactions with liquid H2O ( Bell ) . Scientist have a steadfast belief, approximately two billion old ages ago, based on the denseness of crater samples, the set downing site of the Pathfi nder was level a country in the center of a field due to a monolithic inundation. This fact can be concluded from the Image for Mars Pathfinder camera ( IMP ) . Shots of the landing site included tonss and hemorrhoids of pebbles, appeared as if rushing H2O had acted upon, doing them to stack up. Other stones consisted of volcanic stone fragments that have been eroded and deposited by air current, H2O or impacts, but without much chemical alteration. Another major geological determination was that air current had been an highly dominant procedure on the portion of Mars that the Pathfinder had landed. Dunes, ripplings, fosses, air current tail, and flutes suggest that air current eroding had been the lone major agent of alteration at the set downing site. The first stone sample found, named Barnacle Bill composed of silicon oxide, rose scientists to their pess. Silica thought merely to be found merely on Earth rose the inquiry, is at that place life on Mars? Using the Alpha proton X-Ra y spectrometer, the Pathfinder analyzed Barnacle Bill and discovered silicon oxide nowadays which besides have scientist thought that there may hold been tectonic home bases, as we have on Earth, in the yesteryear of Mars ( Kasting, Squyre ) . From the new informations, there is without a uncertainty that the Mars mission was a entire success. Scientists non merely discovered that Mars had and still has Earth like geology, but besides life possibly on Mars. From this information, scientist reconstructed the past geological characteristics of Mars, and concluded the similarity to that of Earth s and besides the habitableness. Using the new engineering on the Martian surface enabled scientists to analyze the geology of Martian stones. From the new informations they constructed the past geological characteristics of Mars will assist Earth as a whole, in future infinite geographic expedition and possibly one twenty-four hours assist protract the life span of the human race. Touching on the last topic, seting all this technological and geological information together, applied scientists and scientists can work together in doing new and more advanced ways of infinite geographic expedition ; this may one twenty-four hours salvage the human race. Knowing the yesteryear of our adjacent planets is utile merely to us, Earth. Using this new cognition of Mars, possibly astronauts one-day can put pes on Mars or even live on Mars equipped with the right tools and devices. First larning how to acquire at that place, what new devices to utilize, and so seting them into consequence to analyze the land, helps us cognize what and how to accommodate to the land in order to last. Earth is a planet merely like the remainder of the planets out infinite. There are one million millions of undiscovered galaxies and planets. Us worlds do non cognize for a fact that we are the lone life in infinite. We have no manner of cognizing unless we go out and research what has been give n to us. With new cognition we can step to the following degree. Earth being merely a planet can detonate or the Sun can decease out tomorrow without warning and so what we would make? Where would we populate? How would we last without the Sun? These are inquiries that can get down being answered by utilizing this new engineering along with new information of Mars. In decision, reviewing all the information provided in the articles ; analyzing the geological traits of Martian stones, technological patterned advance is displayed through the use of the latest package and hardware. This new engineering can be used for future infinite and planet geographic expedition. Besides the applied scientists at Jet Propulsion Laboratory will better the hardware and package, to accommodate to the infinite environment. Scientists concluded that past geological characteristics of Mars included vents one time existed, H2O multitudes, and other major land characteristics found on Earth. Wind was a major factor in building Mars s surface to what it is now. I think that it is indispensable to larn about our adjacent planets, because one twenty-four hours when Earth is depleted of its natural resources, we might necessitate to immigrate to another planet. We need to get down with basic perusal of the geology of a planet and so farther explore if the ability to popul ate on the planet is possible or non. Using this new technology/geological cognition can foster the hereafter of world. Using distinguishable new informations, scientists can reason how habitable the land of Mars and other planet surfaces are. Scientists have already concluded that Earth one twenty-four hours will be no more, because the Sun is said to decease within the following billion old ages. That might sound a long clip off and it may non associate to us because we will non be here by so, but future coevalss will be. They besides deserve to populate, reproduce, and bask life to its fullest. Plants Cited Bell, Jim. MARS Pathfinder ( Space Probe ) . Sky A ; Telescope96 ( 1998 ) : 36-44. Technological Discovery: The Mars Pathfinder. Mars Pathfinder Science Aims. Online. 1997. Bickler, Donald. Rolling over Mars. Mechenical Engineer85 ( 1998 ) : N/A. 1997 Kerr, Richard A. Possible Glance of Earthlike geology in Mars stone Science227 ( 1998 ) : 638-40. 1997. Squyres, Steven, Kasting, J. Early Red planets: How warm and how wet? Science265 ( 1998 ) : 744-50. 1998.

THE DEATH PENALTY Essay

THE DEATH PENALTY Essay THE DEATH PENALTY Essay Death Penalty in the United States University of Phoenix Human Lifespan Development BSHS/342 Death Penalty in the United States The death penalty has been around since the 13 colonies. The abolishment of death penalty is different for each state. Many states still believe in the death penalty, however; the individuals who receive the death penalty usually sit on death row for a long period of time prior to the execution being carried out. At this time there are 17 states that have abolished the death penalty. Throughout history the death penalty has been carried out by many methods. There are supporting views and opposing views depending upon each state and each individual. The death penalty in the United States is punishable for many different crimes. Some individuals believe the death penalty is a crime itself because it is viewed as murder for murder. History of the Death Penalty Early American settlers brought with them a sense of right and wrong strongly based on British law, which focused on personal retribution. Americans held fast to the notion that humankind was naturally licentious which allowed the barbaric nature of the death penalty at the time to flourish. During the Middle Ages establishing guilt before inflicting punishment gained popularity. Battle, Ordeal, and Compurgation were the influential ways this was determined. However, â€Å"since humans are fallible the risk of executing the innocent can never be eliminated (Amnesty 2012). Soon the government realized that these methods were ineffective. Trial by jury became the most accepted and effective way of establishing guilt between the eighth and eleventh century AD. Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria published a book which had a strong impact on the views of the American society and the death penalty. In the United States the colonies while holding onto the British influence gained ind ependence from each other as they grew, and the began to adopt subset lists of crimes that qualified for the death penalty. By 1791 The Bill of Rights reflected that capital punishments were not to be inflicted in ways deemed cruel and unusual. This left much open to interpretation. By the beginning of the nineteenth century America was effectively torn on capital punishment. It came down to seeing the world differently. Half believed that criminals were a product of their environment and even genetic defects which elicited sympathy, and the other half believed that criminals made choices based on their inability to escape some deeply engrained need and desire to do wrong therefore, society was better without them. Soon the death penalty became privatized and the ritualistic act of revenge was no longer as personal. New ways of inflicting the death penalty were created that reflected societies ever-growing need to reduce the barbaric nature of the penalty. The civil rights movement of the 1960’s was not effective in dismissing the death penalty altogether, however the movement did allow states to rewrite what acts should be considered for the penalty. As of today many states still exercise, the right to inflict the death penalty for acts deemed worthy of the punishment. Where the Death Penalty is Legal and Not Legal The death penalty is allowed in more than 50% of the United States. There are only 17 states that have abolished the death penalty at this time. Of those 17 states, within the last five years, five states have recently decided against the death penalty (Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). The most recent state abolishing the death penalty is Connecticut, which abolished the death penalty on April 25, 2012 by Connecticut’s governor. However with the abolishment of the death penalty in only 17 states, the states that do allow the death penalty do not usually carry out the executions timely. Many of the individuals waiting for his or her execution remain locked up on death row. Recently, the time

Tips on Measuring Distance on a Map

Tips on Measuring Distance on a Map A map represents a portion of  Earths surface. Because an accurate map represents a real area, each map has a scale that indicates the relationship between a certain distance on the map and the distance on the ground. The map scale is usually located in the legend box of a map, which explains the symbols and provides other important information about the map. A map scale can be printed in a variety of ways. Words Numbers Map Scale A ratio or representative fraction (RF) indicates how many units on Earths surface are equal to one unit on the map. It can be expressed as 1/100,000 or 1:100,000. In this example,  1 centimeter on the map could equal 100,000 centimeters (1 kilometer) on Earth. It could also mean that 1  inch on the map is equal to 100,000 inches on the real location (8,333 feet, 4 inches, or about 1.6 miles). Other common RFs include 1:63,360 (1 inch to 1 mile) and 1:1,000,000 (1 cm to 10 km). A word statement gives a written description of map distance, such as 1  centimeter equals 1 kilometer or 1 centimeter equals 10 kilometers. Obviously, the first map would show much more detail than the second, because 1 centimeter on the first map covers a much smaller area than on the second map. To find a real-life distance, measure the distance between two points on the map, whether inches or centimeters- whichever scale is listed- and then do the math. If 1 inch on the map equals 1 mile and the points youre measuring are 6 inches apart, theyre 6 miles apart in reality. Caution The first two methods of indicating map distance would be ineffective if the map is reproduced by a method such as photocopying with  the size of the map modified (zoomed in or reduced). If this occurs and one attempts to measure 1 inch on the modified map, its not the same as 1 inch on the original map. Graphic Scale A graphic scale  solves  the shrink/zoom  problem because it is simply a line marked with the distance on the ground that the map reader can use along with a ruler to determine scale on the map. In the United States, a graphic scale often includes both metric and U.S. common units. As long as the size of the graphic scale is changed along with the map, it will be accurate. To find a distance using a graphic  legend, measure the legend with a ruler to find its ratio; maybe 1 inch equals 50 miles, for instance. Then measure the distance between the points on the map and use that measurement to determine the real distance between those two places.  Ã‚   Large or Small Scale Maps are often known as large scale or small scale. A large-scale map refers to one that shows greater detail because the representative fraction (e.g., 1/25,000) is a larger fraction than a small-scale map, which would have an RF of 1/250,000 to 1/7,500,000. Large-scale maps will have an RF of 1:50,000 or greater (i.e., 1:10,000). Those between 1:50,000 to 1:250,000 are maps with an intermediate scale. Maps of the world that fit on two 8 1/2-by-11-inch pages are very small scale, about 1 to 100 million.

Pros and Cons of Tariffs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pros and Cons of Tariffs - Essay Example It is evident from the study that tariffs help governments reduce competition from foreign companies to allow more opportunities for the growth of domestic industries and increased employment opportunities. As the government imposes a tax on imported goods, the foreign suppliers find it hard to supply to the locals. Thus, domestic producers receive a favorable price for their products and services since the market is unsaturated with goods. The local producers also produce and sell large quantities since the demand is high among the local market. Consequently, they become motivated to provide more products and services, thereby leading to economic growth and loyalty to domestic products. Tariffs may thus enable job retention and creation since local businesses will grow to an extent of employing more people to handle their goods and services. Governments also impose tariffs on imported and exported products as one of the sources of revenue. The taxes help the government to support it s many activities and functions. In fact, approximately 2% of the total government revenue comes from customs duties and taxes. Hence, imposing duties on exports and imports allow the government to fund economic developmental projects. Such projects include building of infrastructures like roads, maintaining social amenities, establishing and maintaining institutions, and paying public workers. Consequently, local businesses and foreign companies will find it easy to set up and conduct business operations in the country. They enable the country to spearhead the economic development and attract investments both from within and outside.

Benjamin franklin, testimony against the stamp act Essay

Benjamin franklin, testimony against the stamp act - Essay Example Instead, here it is possible to see that the way diplomacy was handled between the two before the revolution and before the United States was formed. The transcript is the biggest part of the document, and in it Benjamin Franklin answers questions with honesty, and seems to be treated with respect. He says that the colonies â€Å"objected only to direct taxes,† which apparently was not understood in England, and claims that people in the Americas would only pay the stamp duty â€Å"unless compelled by force of arms,† basically meaning that England would have to go to war with them. While this seems like something that is obvious today, presumably the people in England genuinely did not have any idea about how the colonies felt. It is easy to see from the cleverness and straightforward quality of Franklins answers why the author of the summary included with the transcript says that securing the repeal of the act â€Å"greatly enhanced his reputation both in England and

The European Enlightenment Essay Example for Free

The European Enlightenment Essay The scientific revolution is more of a new or modern way of thinking about nature. While science already had a presence prior to the 16th century, the teachings were based more on practical applications, rational thought and magic. s of science, 3elements permeated it – empirical practice, magic and rational thought which continued for thousands of years until the 16th and 17th century. With the scientific revolution, rational thought was enhanced through methods which can be the sole explanation for any phenomena of nature. Refute with reason but overwhelm by experiment. (Hall xvi). We think of Galileo as the first of the moderns because he broke the strangling hold of the traditional authorities – Aristotle, Ptolemy and Galen – upon scientific thought. He supported the Copernican hypothesis. He boldly countered errors of traditionally accepted beliefs and appealed to something new through the evidence of experiments. His system was enhanced by philosophers such as Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes who called their subject natural philosophy in an attempt to give a systematic explanation to the natural. With the entry of Sir Isaac Newton and the â€Å"invisible colleges†, discoveries and inventions came one after the other. Whereas religion used deductive reasoning in the arrival of its conclusions, the revolution brought on inductive reasoning which begins with a hypothesis that were tested using quantifiable data and methodical experimentation. By 1690, science had developed a philosophy – experimental and a method – mathematical and a goal – the improvement of the lot of mankind. (Baker ix, x). There came a paradigm shift in how the physical world was investigated. Reason slowly robbed magic of its power as it is an element of the irrational. Reason is initially used but compounded by experiment. The widely-believed Ptolemy system was anthropocentric based with an immobile earth is the center of the universe. While it was being discarded through deductive reasoning, i. e. , the world is vile and corrupt and therefore not worthy to be the center, the rational thinkers using the Copernicus hypothesis as reference and with observed facts and physical using reason, terrestrial mechanical phenomena, qualitative observation and quantitative observation by recalculating orbits went on to prove their heliocentric theory that the earth is only one of several planets that revolve around the sun. It also killed the Greek animism of appetites, natural tendencies, sympathies and attractions. Instead, explanation must be in terms of description of processes, mechanisms, interconnection of parts (Hall xvi, xviii). For Aristotle and his followers, bodies continually move so as to fulfill their natures. All matter is goal-oriented. They are of a teleological nature, which makes them animistic as they attributed soul-like properties. Modern natural philosophy used the machine metaphor, i. . the inner workings of a being are like the mechanism of a clock. They refer to their practice as mechanical philosophy. The development of mechanism gave rise to the view of matter-as-passive and is central to mechanical natural philosophy (Shapin 24-44). Traditional philosophies had been integrated into the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church which was the only Christian religion at that time. The Copernican theory was said to be contrary to the Holy Scripture and utterly heretical. It ran contrary to a decree in 1616 which was issued after the burning of Giordano Bruno for teaching the plurality of worlds or universes outside our own. As well, the present academe were slow in accepting that they have given their lives blindly to the defense of errors. The attitude in the middle ages was that where reason was incompetent to decide, faith should pronounce and that in many instances faith must prevail over reason. (Hall 74-75, 103-105). The medieval church had originally set its feet against and systematic scientific enquiry on the grounds that man was not intended to know the mind of God as interpreted by himself. Even Protestants stressed that all knowledge must come form the Bible. Bacon popularized that God actually intended man to recover its mastery over nature. In his text Instauratio Maga (The Great Instauration), the Book of Daniel was quoted in its cover, â€Å"Many shall pass to and fro and science shall be increased† (Shapiro 120). Thus, scientific enquiry became legitimate and prepared the way for scientific revolution. Later, there came about a new religious fervor in Deism, a name for the rationalized faith leading to the worship of the â€Å"divine clockmaker† which distrust anything mystical. It is based on the reasoning that if the universe was created by God, and the universe is a rational place then God was rational. (Baker x). Sir Isaac Newton in 1687 presented fundamental arguments of the mechanical universe in his book Principia Mathematia which basically summarizes the conceptual change brought about by the scientific revolution and the path it would take: mathematical models are accurate descriptions of the universe the universe moves rationally and predictably one need not appeal to revealed religion or theology to explain any aspect of physical phenomena\all planets and other objects move due to a physical attraction called gravity The universe concept is based on Inertia: every object remains at rest until moved by another object and stays in motion unless stopped or redirected by another object (Hooker).

Warren G. Harding, President Essay -- Politics

Warren G. Harding, President (1865-1923) Harding was born on November 2, 1865, in Corsica (now Bloomington Grove), Ohio. He was eldest of eight children. His father, George Tryon Harding, was a farmer and a doctor. His mother, Phoebe Dickerson Harding, was a "gentle, pious" woman who devoted herself to her children. As a boy Warren helped his fater on the farm. In the summer he worked in a sawmill that made brooms, and he drove a team of horses for the Toledo and Ohio Central Railroaad. His father was later quoted as saying , "Warren was always willing to work hard if there was any money in it." Later Warren would become a printers apprentance, and office boy on the Caledonia Argus, a local newspaper. There he learned how to set type and gained his first newspaper experience. In 1879, at the age of 14, Harding entered Ohio Central College in Iberia. After graduating in 1882 he took a job as a schoolteacher. But he gave it up after one term, calling it the hardest job he ever had. The following year the Hardings moved to Marion, Ohio. Harding studied law for a few months, bu...

Coffee Industry Essay

People usually drink coffee to stay up while awake at night, besides that many people rely on coffee to get their day started. According to the New England Journal of Medicine, â€Å"Drinking coffee can lead to a longer life†; however, many consumers have no idea of the impact of habits on their coffee and coffee farmers around the globe, ethical issues of consumers with the industry is not fair; but to coffee farmers, the issues are human rights violations and use of child labor issues need to be addressed. To remedy this situation, the fair trade will hopefully improve the living conditions of some of the poorest people in the world through certified value and the change in the consumer’s choice. Coffee is one of the most valuable commodities in the world, most of the farmers in the form of small retail and come from developing countries, although the majority of coffee sales are in the America and Europe many people around the world rely on coffee to work and have a better life; however, to producing quality coffee, farmers have to work very hard though farmers receive very little money and the inequity of the coffee producing companies when they sell coffee. Working conditions of farmers in the plantations are very different, although they work hard , but it paid for exploitation, for example , in Guatemala , coffee pickers to harvest 100 pounds to get the minimum wage $ 3 per day (The Problem with Fair Trade Coffee 2010),farmers have to work overtime and do not earn extra money, so farmers use child labor for the production of coffee to save money and use these chemicals effect of the human body in order for a fast development of coffee sale on the market. Moreover, using the chemicals and the development of the coffee industry adversely affect habitat and species decline. In addition, forests are cut down to coffee production affects the environment and soil erosion. According to World Wildlife Fund (WWF), â€Å"converting forest to tea and coffee agriculture can also create erosion and soil loss† (WWF 2010) ; Yet the farmers have no choice and/or the opportunity to change. According to the International Coffee Organization or ICO â€Å"Coffee production in 2012 was 144 611 000 bags, mostly from less developed countries such as, Brazil 50 826 000 bags ,Vietnam 22 000 000 bags and Indonesia 12 730 000 bags â€Å" (ICO 2013), though coffee production is highly ranked in the world, but farmers still do not get enough money to pay for life, for example. Vietnam in 2012, producing nearly 30 % of world coffee production but the turnover is only 10 % of the total trade value obtained from the global industry, the main reason is due to their ability to improve processing of value and coffee products are limited, coffee roasting plants in countries with rates lower than 10%, when farmers sells 1kg of coffee beans, farmers gets about 2 dollars or an average price of one cup of coffee oversea, yet 1 kg of coffee can make 50 cups. In addition, the links between farmers and enterprises are not strong, the lack of information on farmers markets, so farmers often extorted. Moreover, the risk of crop failure is the fear of the coffee growers. Most of the profits from coffee for export processing enterprises, coffee farmers only enjoy a small percentage. That has caused insecurity for farmers. Solution to this problem is the fair trade. According to Wikimedia, Fair trade coffee is coffee that is certified as having been produced and marketed to a stated set of standards. Many Customers pay a higher price when buying coffee with the certification logo or brand in the Belief Furniture , by doing so, they are helping farmers in the Third World . In particular, the fair trade coffee movement gives a reasonable price to the Farmers who were being a low – wage labor exploitation. However, achieve certification of fair trade, farmers must meet several conditions of production as farmers have to meet a large variety of production standards : there are limits on the use of child labor , pesticides , herbicides , genetically modified products , etc. With these standards met, both consumers and farmers can benefit, with farmers getting the sufficient amount of money for their products, and the consumers getting their product knowing it’s safe to consume and has no effect on the producers financially or ethnically. These farmers must cooperate with businesses to produce the certified products, such amounts received will be higher and the lives of the farmers would be better. In addition, consumers should choose certified products in the supermarket or the market as this will support and will be helpful for farmers. In conclusion, fair trading is the way for farmers and coffee producers to get a higher amount, and will change lives for the better. Therefore farmers should choose fair trade to ensure benefits and consumers should choose products that have been certified to support the farmers. Reference * The problem with Fair Trade Coffee. * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://www. ssireview. org/articles/entry/the_problem_with_fair_trade_coffee * Coffee Production and Labor. * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://www. organicconsumers. org/starbucks/coffeelabor. htm * Fair Trade Coffee * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fair_trade_coffee * International Coffee Organization- EXPORTING COUNTRIES: TOTAL PRODUCTION * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://www. ico. org/prices/po. htm. * Health and effect of Coffee * Retrieved August 30, 2013, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Health_effects_of_coffee * Environmental Impacts of Coffee and Tea Production * Retrieved September 2, 2013 from http://www. hellogreentomorrow. com/blog/2010/11/environmental-impacts-of-coffee-and-tea-production.

Production Possibility Curves Essay Essay

Explain how production possibility curves can be used to demonstrate the problem of unemployment, effects of technological change and the benefits of economic growth. Human wants are unlimited and resources are scarce. In order to satisfy these wants, all societies face the problem of allocating these scarce resources to producing the wanted products. These decisions greatly affect the economy and will contribute to the movements of growth. A graph that visually represents the results of the decisions and maps the growth of the economy is the production possibility curve. Production possibility curves (PPC) are graphical models used to demonstrate the different opportunity costs that are involved when individuals or communities make choices on how much of each product to produce. The graph depicts the different combinations of two alternative products that can be produced, given technology and a fixed amount of resources. The two axes represent the amount of each product produced and the curve (frontier) shows the maximum amount of each resource able to be produced when all of the resources are used to their full capacity (refer to Figure 1. Most diagrams discussed will only deal with straight frontiers for the purpose of a clear visual). The resources are the factors of production which consists of natural resources, human labour, capital goods and enterprises. The position of the economy is often shown by a dot or a cross and its position depends on the economy’s production status. The PPC also makes a number of assumptions including the fact that economy will produces only two different goods, the state of the technology will remain constant, and the quantity of the resources remain the same and are both fully employed and used efficiently. The production possibility curve is thus able to graphically represent the problems of unemployment, the effects of technological change on the products produced and also show the benefits of economic growth in an economy. Production possibility curves can used to demonstrate the problems of unemployment when producing the products in the economy. In the graph, it takes all of the factors of production into account. Thus unemployment will mean that not all of the resource s are being fully engaged and used to their full potential. The frontier in this case will not change, however the position of the economy will move below the curve. For example (refer to Figure 2), if the economy is producing two products X and Y, the frontier does not change and instead the position of the economy on the graph will  shift depending on the amount of resources are not being used. The further away the economy is from the curve, the more resources unemployed. In this situation, the graph signifies that there is an inefficient allocation of resources. It conveys the economy is neither satisfying the maximum amount of wants nor achieving minimum opportunity costs. Essentially the economy is not using its resources to their full potential, or sacrificing the lowest amount of opportunity costs to produce the products. By shifting the dot around, the PPC makes it very obvious to where in economy is at in productions efficiency and thus can influence decisions in order to overcome the problem of unemployment. The production possibi lity curve is also able to display the effects of technological change on the production of the products. Newer technology creates more efficient production methods and thus allows the economy to produce more of one product without an increase in opportunity costs. The application of newer, more productive technology is represented by an outward shift in the respective product axis. In the example (refer to Figure 3), due to technological advancements it has made producing product X more efficient, thus allowing more of product X to be produced. The lack of movement in the Y axis portrays how there was no increase in opportunity cost for producing product Y when more of product X was produced. The shift also shows the new frontier for the economy. The amount of shift can be adjusted to provide a model of the future economy if it decides to go through with technological advancements in one area. Therefore, the PPC is a great model representation of how technological changes can affect the production possibilities on an economy. Production possibility curves enable the illustration of how the process of economic growth occurs. Economic growth occurs when more resources are able to be used or existing resources are used more efficiently. Economies often have to decide whether to produce more of capital goods or consumer goods. Producing more consumer goods will satisfy the wants immediately and thus provide higher standard of living in the present, compared to producing more capital goods which does not satisfy many wants right away. However, it provides the economy with larger production abilities later on and thus will be able to satisfy more wants in the future. In Figure 4 (the figure deals with concave frontier to represent more of a realistic approach to growth), the graph is showing the production of either consumer or capital goods. The  economy at Point A is prefers producing more consumer goods than capital goods. The economy at Point B is producing more capital goods. Both economies are on the curve C. If the economies at both A and B shift outwards to the curve C1, it will represent that both economies are able to produce more of each product. This clearly demonstrates the benefits of economic growth on production possibilities. Not only are does it enable the more production of each product as a result of more resources used, the economy will be able to satisfy more wants and thus enjoy a higher standard of living. The PPC can also demonstrate how the economy at Point B is more likely to experience economic growth as the preference of more capital goods produced allowed greater capacity to produce more goods in the future. Using the PPC, it is able to display the different amounts of growth in the various positions and will thus help demonstrate the results. In all, the clear movements of the points from one curve to another visually represent the benefits of economic growth. Production possibility curve are excellent graphs that convey the problems of unemployment, clearly represent the effects of technological change and demonstrate the benefits of economic growth. The movements in graph can show different results and thus can help make decisions on what to produce.

Wait Listed Getting Creative Might Be the Answer

Wait Listed Getting Creative Might Be the Answer On April 15, 2010 the New York Times printed an Op-Ed entitled â€Å"The Wait List is the Hardest Part.†Ã‚   The editorial was written by Saffa Khan, a senior in high school who was waitlisted at four colleges. The content of the article was of course valuable, and 17-year-old Saffa gets points for making a Tom Petty reference.   But I’m not concerned with her content.   The thing that caught my attention is simply that a high school senior got published in the New York Times!   Saffa took huge initiative, worked hard to write a piece that would be of value, and put it out there to the world. If you were a college admissions committee, do you think you might take notice? This student stands out amongst all the others who just sit there, waiting, hoping, wondering.   She even stands out amongst the students who send additional essays, or letters about why X school is their first choice, or new letters of recommendation.   All those things might help you to get off the waitlist, but getting published in the New York Times takes the cake. Do you have something you can achieve that is truly out of the ordinary?   Can you get published in a national newspaper?   Win a poetry, science or chess contest or competition?   Self-publish a book?   Solve a problem that hasn’t been solved? If you’re serious about getting off the waitlist, my advice is to follow Saffa’s example – and stop waiting.

Battle of Wake Island in World War II

Battle of Wake Island in World War II The Battle of Wake Island was fought from December 8-23, 1941, during the opening days of World War II (1939-1945). A tiny atoll in the central Pacific Ocean, Wake Island was annexed by the United States in 1899. Located between Midway and Guam, the island was not permanently settled until 1935 when Pan American Airways built a town and hotel to service their trans-Pacific China Clipper flights. Consisting of three small islets, Wake, Peale, and Wilkes, Wake Island was to the north of the Japanese-held Marshall Islands and east of Guam. As tensions with Japan rose in the late 1930s, the US Navy began efforts to fortify the island. Work on an airfield and defensive positions began in January 1941. The following month, as part of Executive Order 8682, the Wake Island Naval Defensive Sea Area was created which limited maritime traffic around the island to US military vessels and those approved by the Secretary of the Navy. An accompanying Wake Island Naval Airspace Reservation was also established over the atoll. Additionally, six 5 guns, which had previously been mounted on USS Texas (BB-35), and 12 3 anti-aircraft guns were shipped to Wake Island to bolster the atolls defenses. The Marines Prepare While work progressed, the 400 men of the 1st Marine Defense Battalion arrived on August 19, led by Major James P.S. Devereux. On November 28, Commander Winfield S. Cunningham, a naval aviator, arrived to assume overall command of the islands garrison. These forces joined the 1,221 workers from the Morrison-Knudsen Corporation which were completing the islands facilities and the Pan American staff which included 45 Chamorros (Micronesians from Guam). By early December the airfield was operational, though not complete. The islands radar equipment remained at Pearl Harbor and protective revetments had not been built to protect aircraft from aerial attack. Though the guns had been emplaced, only one director was available for the anti-aircraft batteries. On December 4, twelve F4F Wildcats from VMF-211 arrived on the island after being carried west by USS Enterprise (CV-6). Commanded by Major Paul A. Putnam, the squadron was only on Wake Island for four days before the war began. Forces Commanders United States Commander Winfield S. CunninghamMajor James P.S. Devereux527 men12 F4F Wildcats Japan Rear Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka2,500 men3 light cruisers, 6 destroyers, 2 patrol boats, 2 transports, and 2 carriers (second landing attempt) The Japanese Attack Begins Due to the islands strategic location, the Japanese made provisions to attack and seize Wake as part of their opening moves against the United States. On December 8, as Japanese aircraft were attacking Pearl Harbor (Wake Island is on the other side of the International Date Line), 36 Mitsubishi G3M medium bombers departed the Marshall Islands for Wake Island. Alerted to the Pearl Harbor attack at 6:50 AM and lacking radar, Cunningham ordered four Wildcats to begin patrolling the skies around the island. Flying in poor visibility, the pilots failed to spot the inbound Japanese bombers. Striking the island, the Japanese managed to destroy eight of VMF-211s Wildcats on the ground as well as inflicted damage on the airfield and Pam Am facilities. Among the casualties were 23 killed and 11 wounded from VMF-211 including many of the squadrons mechanics. After the raid, the non-Chamorro Pan American employees were evacuated from Wake Island aboard the Martin 130 Philippine Clipper which had survived the attack. A Stiff Defense Retiring with no losses, the Japanese aircraft returned the next day. This raid targeted Wake Islands infrastructure and resulted in the destruction of the hospital and Pan Americans aviation facilities. Attacking the bombers, VMF-211s four remaining fighters succeeded in downing two Japanese planes. As the air battle raged, Rear Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka departed Roi in the Marshall Islands with a small invasion fleet on December 9. On the 10th, Japanese planes attacked targets in Wilkes and detonated a supply of dynamite which destroyed the ammunition for the islands guns. Arriving off Wake Island on December 11, Kajioka ordered his ships forward to land 450 Special Naval Landing Force troops. Under the guidance of Devereux, Marine gunners held their fire until the Japanese were within range of Wakes 5 coastal defense guns. Opening fire, his gunners succeeded in sinking the destroyer Hayate and badly damaging Kajiokas flagship, the light cruiser Yubari. Under heavy fire, Kajioka elected to withdraw out of range. Counterattacking, VMF-211s four remaining aircraft succeeded in sinking the destroyer Kisaragi when a bomb landed in the ships depth charge racks. Captain Henry T. Elrod  posthumously  received the Medal of Honor for his part in the vessels destruction. Calls for Help While the Japanese regrouped, Cunningham and Devereux called for aid from Hawaii. Stymied in his attempts to take the island, Kajioka remained nearby and directed additional air raids against the defenses. In addition, he was reinforced by additional ships, including the carriers Soryu and Hiryu which were diverted south from the retiring Pearl Harbor attack force. While Kajioka planned his next move, Vice Admiral William S. Pye, the Acting Commander-in-Chief of the US Pacific Fleet, directed Rear Admirals Frank J. Fletcher  and Wilson Brown to take a relief force to Wake. Centered on the carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3) Fletchers force carried additional troops and aircraft for the beleaguered garrison. Moving slowly, the relief force was recalled by Pye on December 22 after he learned that two Japanese carriers were operating in the area. That same day, VMF-211 lost two aircraft. On December 23, with the carrier providing air cover, Kajioka again moved forward. Following a preliminary bombardment, the Japanese landed on the island. Though Patrol Boat No. 32 and Patrol Boat No. 33 were lost in the fighting, by dawn over 1,000 men had come ashore. Final Hours Pushed out of the southern arm of the island, American forces mounted a tenacious defense despite being outnumbered two-to-one. Fighting through the morning, Cunningham and Devereux were forced to surrender the island that afternoon. During their fifteen-day defense, the garrison at Wake Island sank four Japanese warships and severely damaged a fifth. In addition, as many as 21 Japanese aircraft were downed along with a total of around 820 killed and approximately 300 wounded. American losses numbered 12 aircraft, 119 killed, and 50 wounded. Aftermath Of those who surrendered, 368 were Marines, 60 US Navy, 5 US Army, and 1,104 civilian contractors. As the Japanese occupied Wake, the majority of the prisoners were transported from the island, though 98 were kept as forced laborers. While American forces never attempted to re-capture the island during the war, a submarine blockade was imposed which starved the defenders. On October 5, 1943, aircraft from  USS  Yorktown (CV-10) struck the island. Fearing an imminent invasion, the garrison commander, Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara, ordered the execution of the remaining prisoners. This was carried out on the northern end of the island on October 7, though one prisoner escaped and carved  98 US PW 5-10-43  on a large rock near the killed POWs mass grave. This prisoner was subsequently re-captured and personally executed by Sakaibara. The island was re-occupied by American forces on September 4, 1945, shortly after the wars end. Sakaibara was later convicted of war crimes for his actions on Wake Island and hung on June 18, 1947.

Analysis of the personal computers market from the microeconomics` Essay

Analysis of the personal computers market from the microeconomics` perspective - Essay Example A great number of competing producers There are many competing producers waiting for their chance towards competitive advantage, leading to the exploitation of price that could offer more significant customers’ advantage. This is based on the idea of Porter that the overall cost leadership could lead to competitive advantage because its bottom line is about the ability of each producer to set a competitive price for their actual product or service offering (Porter, 1998). As the competition increases, more producers are capable of offering their products or services at a remarkably lower price just to ensure their competitive edge and to guarantee a fundamental market share. This significantly happens in the market for personal computers. To cite an instance, it is not only Apple Incorporated that has the potential to produce personal computer products, but there are other companies around the world of the same industry, both local and international that are also capable of pr oducing the same offerings and present them at lower prices. Based on the concept of the law of demand, a lower price is enticing from the point of view of customers. Thus, it is a natural market response to increase their demand especially for products that are of greater value for them and set at lower prices. According to law of demand, customers tend to find substitute products just to enjoy the benefit of acquring low prices. On the other hand, the price should therefore be obviously lower in the case of products with high volume of supply. This idea is relevant to the associated concept of the law of supply. In other words, the market for personal computer because of a healthy... This paper primarily focuses on the process of price formation in the personal computers industry under the condition of free market. Both laws of demand and supply are under consideration. In this paper, there is an critical analysis of the important factors that are actually contributing to the downward fall of the market price for personal computers even in the midst of increasing demand for them. The dynamic changes in today’s economy leads to the increasing demand for various technologies. This connects us to the prevailing requirement for personal computers. The business for making personal computers would therefore make sense and this is the reason why many producers try to surface from time to time and even create vibrant improvements. The law of supply states that when there is a higher price involved, producers are more willing to produce more, and less if the associated price is low The law of demand on the other hand states that the demand for a product or service offering is higher if people could afford it through a lower price, which means they are not more likely to buy something with a higher price, provided nothing changes As the demand for personal computers increases, the market price decreases because this could be clearly due to the increase of supply linked up with the great number of competing producers that are capable of adjusting the final price of their actual product offerings, leaving the advantage to the target customers. The laws of demand and supply effects on the computer prices are illustrated in the figures in the article.

The President Wants You to Organize Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The President Wants You to Organize - Term Paper Example The article also depicts the upcoming of Lewis , the future leader of the labor party with a unique and powerful personality .Here the caption â€Å" The President wants you to organize â€Å" relates to the slogan spread by Lewis to his fellow workers working in coal mines in an attempt to work out their freedom. It conveys the message that ,the president wants to see a union of labor of coal miners across the country. Here the author is trying to say or argue that rich and powerful will always try to subordinate or exploit the poor and helpless. Here the indication is on the coal miners who are working in the unfavorable conditions with a meager wages and inferior facilities. Here the emphasis is on the President’s demand for unity among workers to gain power and freedom in their profession. Here the author is saying that the president wants to see unity among coal miners so that they can get facilities. The author is arguing about the truce between the industrialist and the labor class. The author is saying the in order for the laborers to bargain or demand; they should form a legal union .Labor’s right and freedom is the main content of this chapter and the call for unity is originating from the President. Along the chapter the author is projecting the fight of labor class for better wages and living circumstances against all odds. Here the chapter starts with the Presidents call for all skilled and unskilled workers to unite in an attempt to demand their human rights and freedom. Here the chapter explains the negativism in the life of coal mining labors and their struggle to earn decent wages and comfortable living situations. Unfortunately, all the authority lies under the strong and cruel hands of the industrialist. Here, Lewis is one personality who comes up front to assist the coal miners in formulating a labor union where in they can bargain for their human rights. The chapter explains about the will power and motivation of Lewis in

Colin Powell Address the Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colin Powell Address the Nation - Essay Example He had often fought with the hawks in the administration, who were allegedly planning an Iraq invasion even before the September 11 attacks-an insight supported by evidence by former terrorism czar Richard Clarke in front of the 9/11 Commission. The main concession Powell wanted before he would offer his full support for the Iraq War was the participation of the international community in the attack, unlike the one-sided approach some of the hawks were championing. He was also thriving in convincing Bush to take the case of Iraq to the United Nations, and in moderating other initiatives. Powell was placed at the vanguard of this diplomatic campaign. Powell's main role was to gather international support for a multi-national alliance to increase the invasion. To this end, Powell addressed a plenary session of the United Nations Security Council on February 5, 2003 to bicker in favor of military action. Quoting "numerous" nameless Iraqi defectors, Powell declared that "We know that Saddam Hussein is determined to keep his weapons of mass destruction, is determined to make more." (Cockburn, online) Powell also remarked that there was "no doubt in my mind" that Saddam was working to acquire key components to produce nuclear wea pons. There was a general rejection of the proof Powell offered that the regime of Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction.

14-3-3 Protein Analysis | Essay

14-3-3 Protein Analysis | Essay INTRODUCTION 14-3-3 represents a family of highly conserved, 28-33 kDa, acidic dimeric proteins. [B, H1] These proteins were first identified and isolated by Moore and Perez during their systematic study of protein fractions from mammalian brain tissue. [B1] Their nomenclature reflects the system used by the researchers to classify the various protein fractions, based on their migration pattern on starch gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional DEAE chromatography. [D1] Initially it was thought that the occurrence of these proteins was confined to neuronal tissue, where they were found to be present in concentrations as high as 13.3 ÃŽ ¼g/ml. [B19] However, subsequent studies showed that they are in fact widely distributed and ubiquitously expressed in most mammalian tissues. [B] Apart from mammalian tissue, orthologous proteins with a high degree of similarity have also been identified in other organisms including plants, yeast, insects and amphibians. [B] Interestingly, though no prokaryotic ancestor has been identified for the 14-3-3 gene, eukaryotes are known to express multiple isotypes, encoded by highly similar gene sequences. [A, G13] Drosophila and yeast each contain two 14-3-3 genes, Arabidopsis species have 15, while the human genome contains seven closely related 14-3-3 genes. [G13-G16] These genes encode the seven different 14-3-3 isotypes found in human cells – namely ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ³, ÏÆ', ÃŽ µ, ÃŽ ·, Ï„, and ÃŽ ¶. Two additional isoforms – ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ´, represent the phosphorylated varieties of ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ ¶ respectively. [D7] By virtue of their conserved sequences, the different 14-3-3 isoforms display a similar tertiary structure. Crystallographic studies show that each subunit is made up of nine anti-parallel ÃŽ ± helices, which are able to self-assemble into dimers [F1]; with four of the nine helices participating in this process of dimerization. [A] While certain isoforms such as ÏÆ' and ÃŽ ³ show propensity towards the formation of homodimers, other isoforms like ÃŽ µ prefer to heterodimerize. [H] Structural analyses have also revealed that each monomer contains an amphipathic concave channel through which it interacts with its target proteins. [F13] Since each of the subunits of the dimer contain an independent ligand-binding groove, these proteins can interact with two different binding sites present on the same or different target proteins [H3] The targets of 14-3-3 proteins were first studied by Muslin et. al. in 1995, who determined that these proteins interact with phosphorylated serine-containing binding partners in a sequence specific manner. [A2] Thus, this came about to be the first family of proteins discovered to have an affinity for phosphoserine-specific targets. More specifically, Yaffe et. al. in 1997 identified two putative high-affinity motifs, bearing the sequences RSXpSXP and RXXXpSXP, where pS stands for phosphoserine, R stands for Arginine, P is proline and X is any amino acid. [] These were found to be the consensus sequences for 14-3-3 binding, and were called the mode I and mode II binding motifs respectively. [A21] However not all the 14-3-3 binding partners conform to these motifs and neither are all 14-3-3-target interactions found to be phosphorylation-dependent. [H] Though, a small percentage of 14-3-3 targets do not conform, in general it can be said that, proteins that interact with the 14-3-3 family are usually found to be globular proteins that contain either the mode I or mode II binding motifs within an unstructured region of the peptide. [PG] Interestingly, despite the fact that the different isotypes share a similar structure and show complete conservation of sequence in the ligand-binding region, not all the isotypes of 14-3-3 bind equivalently to their ligands in vivo and the pathways in which the individual isoforms participate have diverged considerably. This isoform specificity cannot be explained solely on the basis of 14-3-3 binding to the consensus sequence. [A, PA] It has hence been speculated that this isoform-specificity may be attributed either to differences in subcellular localization and/or tissue-specific transcriptional regulation rather than inherent differences in their ligand-binding ability. [D] Consequently, the various isoforms of the protein are found to bind different ligands and hence influence distinct cellular pathways and processes. Some of the ligands postulated on the basis of database searches include Raf1, CDC25C, polyoma middle T antigen, BAD, 5’AMP Kinase and PLC ÃŽ ³. [PA] Studies conducted in the late 1990’s demonstrated the ability of 14-3-3 proteins to interact with a number of different protein phosphatases and kinases in the cell, thus influencing multiple signalling pathways within the cell. [D] The mechanism of action of the 14-3-3 family of proteins is based on their ability to alter the stability, the catalytic activity or the subcellular localization of their targets. [H] 14-3-3 dimers being highly rigid, they are able to induce conformational changes in their target proteins as well as generate steric hindrance upon binding. Together, these forces can prevent molecular interactions by modulating the accessibility of the ligand to enzymes; and they can also serve to expose or hide localization motifs such as NES and NLS. [H] The first cellular activity to be attributed to 14-3-3 was that of an activator of tryptophan and tyrosine hydroxylases, rate-limiting enzymes that regulate the biosynthesis of catecholamine and serotonin neurotransmitter, as reported by Ichimura and co-workers. [B20] Subsequently it was discovered that 14-3-3 proteins could regulate the activity of signal transduction molecule protein kinase C. [D3,D4] This and other findings led to the implication that 14-3-3 proteins could act as novel chaperone proteins that are able to modulate the interactions between the different constituents of signal transduction pathways. [D5] Today it is known that 14-3-3 protein dimers are able to interact with a wide array of proteins within the cell including signalling molecules, apoptosis factors, tumor supressors, transcription factors, biosynthetic enzymes as well as cytoskeletal proteins; as a result of which they play crucial roles in the regulation of multiple cellular process such as the onset of cellular differentiation, and senescence, DNA repair and the maintenance of cell cycle check point, co-ordination of motility and adhesion and the prevention of apoptosis [A,H] REVIEW OF LITERATURE 14-3-3 proteins are crucial in the regulation of many cellular functions. An implication of their involvement in this multitude of processes is that any mutation, loss of regulation or altered expression of these proteins can lead them to be associated with major diseases. Through their involvement in the regulation of various tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, 14-3-3 proteins are thought to be potentially involved in cancerous transformation and the development of malignancies. [Z11] They are also known to be associated with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, ataxia and Parkinson’s disease. [MT1, MT2, MT3, MT4] The causes of these diseases are poorly understood and hence this family of proteins has been the focus of study of several research groups around the world, leading to numerous publications investigating all the different aspects. This section summarizes the literature elucidating the properties and functions of 14-3-3 proteins that have helped shape the rationale behind this project. A special focus is maintained on current literature that highlights role of 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ in the cell cycle and in desmosome assembly, as well as its recently discovered ATPase activity. Human 14-3-3 isoforms The members of the 14-3-3 family are among the most abundant proteins in the cell. It has been established that owing to their interaction with diverse targets, 14-3-3 proteins are known to be involved in a multitude of processes, including the control of gene transcription, metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis. [C] However, not all 14-3-3 proteins carry out the same functions. The table below provides an overview of the properties of the various human 14-3-3 isoforms: 14-3-3 isoform Official symbol Official full name Chrom-osome location No. of amino acids Mol.Wt. (kDa) Interactions, functions and disorders 14-3-3 ÃŽ ² YWHAB Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, beta 20 q13.1 246 27.95 shown to interact with CDC25 phosphatases and RAF1 may play a role in relaying mitogenic signaling to the cell cycle machinery 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ YWHAG Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, gamma 7 q11.23 247 28.12 interacts with RAF1, CDC25C and protein kinase C induced by growth factors in human vascular smooth muscle cells also expressed significantly in heart and skeletal muscles 14-3-3 ÏÆ' YWHAS, SFN Stratifin 1 p36.11 248 27.64 known to interact with PLK4, ERRFI1, MARK3, JUB expressed in epithelial cells 14-3-3 ÃŽ µ YWHAE Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, epsilon 17 p13.3 255 29.03 interacts with RAF1, CDC25 phosphatases, and IRS1 proteins plays a role in pathways related to signal transduction, cell division and regulation of insulin sensitivity implicated in the pathogenesis of small-cell lung cancer 14-3-3 ÃŽ · YWHAH Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, eta 22 q12.3 246 28.09 contains a repeating sequence, 7 bp in length, in its 5 UTR changes in the number of repeats are associated with conditions such as psychotic bipolar disorder and schizophrenia 14-3-3 Ï„/ÃŽ ¸ YWHAQ Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, theta 2 p25.1 245 27.63 found to be over-expressed in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis also expressed in T cells 14-3-3 ÃŽ ¶ YWHAZ Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta 8 q23.1 245 27.61 interacts with IRS1 protein may play a role in regulating insulin sensitivity 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ is an adapter protein that is known to be involved in the regulation of a wide range of signalling pathways, both general and specialized. This protein is encoded by a gene designated YWHAG, which was mapped to the chromosome 7q11.23 by Horie et. al. in 1999 [Z2] A study of its binding partners in a yeast two-hybrid study revealed that 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ may have as many as 130 potential ligands. [PG 4] There are reports which link the overexpression of 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ and its high titres in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with certain neurodegenerative disorders such as Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s. [A129, A131] This protein is also thought to to be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. Although 14-3-3 ÏÆ' is the isoform that has been most extensively studied for its association with human cancers, there are also several ongoing studies which attempt to establish a correlation between 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ expression and the development of tumours. This includes the work of Jieqiang Lv. et. al. which was able to demonstrate through proteomic analysis that a reduced expression of 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ is observed in patients with uterine tumours. [Z10] The role of 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ in cancer can be better appreciated by understanding its role in the cell cycle and its regulation. Role of 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ in the cell cycle 14-3-3 proteins play a major role in the regulation of cell cycle through the interaction with various cell cycle proteins. The main targets for 14-3-3 regulation are the Cdc25 proteins. Cdc25 is a family of protein phosphatases comprising the members Cdc25A, Cdc25B and Cdc25C, which are active during different phases of the cell cycle. Cdc25A participates in the regulation of G1/S transition, whereas Cdc25B and Cdc25C regulate G2/M transition. [z3] Cdc25c has been specifically implicated in the activation of the CDK1-cyclinB1 complex by removing inhibitory phosphorylations at T14 and Y15, which advances the cell cycle from G2 to M phase. The overexpression of this protein has been seen to result in mitotic catastrophe in the cell due to premature mitosis. [E28] Therefore the expression and function of Cdc25C needs to be tightly regulated; and 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ plays a crucial role in this regulation. [E29] During the interphase, 14-3-3 proteins bind to Cdc25C and sequester it in the cytoplasm by occluding the NLS, preventing it from accessing the CDK1-cyclinB1 complex in the nucleus and thus in essence inactivating it. [E28] Dalal et. al. showed that though all the 14-3-3 proteins were able to carry out this function in vitro, only 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ and ÃŽ µ were found to bind to and thus inhibit Cdc25C in vivo. [] This binding however was found to require the phosphorylation of a specific serine residue at position 216 in human cells, usually carried out by TAK1 and other similar kinases. [E30, z4] Cdc25C is also known to be a target of the DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints that exert their effects through the phosphorylation of S216 by kinases like Chk1 and Chk2. [z5, z6, z7] This phosphorylation thus generates a high-affinity motif that is able to bind to 14-3-3 proteins present in the cytosol. A schematic representation of this process is provided in the figure below. In the absence of 14-3-3 proteins, this regulation of Cdc25C is disrupted and a result, cells lose their ability to stop cycling upon loss of integrity of their DNA. To this effect, a study conducted by Hosing et. al. in 2008 showed that cells require 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ in order to maintain their ability to arrest cells in the S phase and the G2 phase checkpoint. [] This was proven by generating 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ knockdown cells, and studying their response to DNA damage. It was found that these cells were unable to arrest in G2, thus leading to an increase in premature chromatin condensation (PCC) as compared to the vector control. [] This was the first report suggesting that 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ modulates the cell cycle checkpoint response, through its negative regulation of cdc25C function. Role of 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ in desmosome assembly 14-3-3 isoforms were also not known to have any role to play in the assembly of desmosomes, until a serendipitous observation led to a study conducted by Sehgal et. al. This study demonstrated for the first time that 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ is required for desmosome formation. [] They showed that 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ is able to form complexes with the desmosomal proteins plakoglobin, desmoplakin and plakophilin 3. Their work led to the conclusion that 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ is essential for the recruitment of plakoglobin to the cell border; and that the loss of 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ leads to a decrease in desmosome formation. This translates to defective cell-cell adhesion in HCT 116 cells and sterility in male mice when this loss is manifested in the testis. [] These results are in agreement with the fact that 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ plays a role in the transport of proteins from the Golgi complex to the cell border, as previously reported by Valente et al. in 2012. [Z1] ATPase activity of 14-3-3 proteins The notion that 14-3-3 proteins may possess an ATPase function evolved through a series of studies. The first of these was reported in a paper in 1993 by Hachiya et. al., who had isolated a protein from the rat liver cell cytosol, called the mitochondrial import stimulation factor (MSF). [] This factor was found to modulate the conformation of aggregated proteins and stimulate their import into the mitochondria in an ATP-dependent manner, much like the Hsp70 chaperone molecule. Ensuing studies by the same group led to the cloning of cDNA sequences encoding the large and small rat MSF subunits; and based on these cDNA sequences, it was deduced that the MSF peptides belong to the 14-3-3 family. [] This was thus the first time the ability to hydrolyse ATP was attributed to a 14-3-3 protein. In 1997, Yano et. al. probed further and asked whether the 14-3-3 family of proteins were also capable of the reverse reaction i.e. ATP synthesis; and found that native 14-3-3 proteins isolated from human lymphoblastoma cells as well as recombinant 14-3-3 Ï„ exhibited the ability to generate ATP from ADP. [] This activity resembled that of the enzyme nucleoside diphosphate-kinase. It was then speculated that ATP synthesis and hydrolysis may play a role in regulating the interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with their substrates. Subsequently, in 2006, Yano et. al. also showed that 14-3-3 ÃŽ ¶ acts as a molecular chaperone under heat shock conditions, dissolving thermally-aggregated proteins, also in an ATP-dependent manner. [] This stress-related function is said to differ from the role of MSF as previously described, since in that case, the protein activity is limited to the transport of newly synthesized proteins into the mitochondria. This finding thus represented another part of the puzzle that is the multi-functional nature of 14-3-3 proteins. Despite these reports however, the ATPase activity of 14-3-3 proteins had not commanded much attention from researchers, until recently Ramteke et. al. in 2014 demonstrated unequivocally, using 14-3-3 ÃŽ ¶ as a model, that these proteins possess an intrinsic ATP-hydrolysing function. [] They also studied the putative residues essential to this activity and found that in their model, the mutation of the Asp at residue 124 to Ala (D124A) resulted in a significant increase in the rate of ATP hydrolysis, while the mutation of Arg 55 to Ala caused a partial loss of function. ATPase activity of 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³ As a part of the same study, Ramteke et. al. decided to test whether the other 14-3-3 isoforms also displayed similar properties; and they found that with the exception of 14-3-3 ÏÆ', all the other isoforms, including 14-3-3 ÃŽ ³, showed intrinsic ATPase activity. [] Interestingly, it was found that in case of the ÃŽ ³ isoform, the mutation of the conserved Asp, found at position 129 to Ala (D129A) led to an over two-fold gain in ATPase function, reflecting that the binding of this mutant to ATP is probably either more energetically or sterically favourable. [] The authors of this paper were however unable to comment on the functional relevance of the ATPase activity of 14-3-3 proteins. These results however provide an impetus to further studies on physiological significance of ATP hydrolysis, with respect to individual 14-3-3 isoforms.

Different Yet Complimentary :: essays papers

Different Yet Complimentary Even though the Bergmann rule and Allan rule are different rules entirely they are both complementary to each other. In 1847 Bergmann observed that within the same spices of warm-blooded animals, populations have less bulky individuals are more often found in warm climates near the equator while, those with greater bulk, mass, are found further from the equator in colder regions. This is due to the fact that big animals generally have larger body masses that result in more heat being produced. The greater amount of heat results from there being more cells. A normal by product of metabolism in cells is heat production. Subsequently the more cells an animal has, the more internal heat it will produce. In addition, larger animals usually have smaller surface area relative to their body masses and therefore are comparatively, in efficient at radiating their body heat off into the surrounding environment. This is illustrated when the volume increases twice as fast as the surface size. Rel atively less surface area results in relatively less heat being lost. In 1877, Allen went further than Bergmann in observing that the length of arms, legs, and other appendages also has an effect on the amount of heat lost to the surrounding environment. He noted that among warm-blooded animals, individuals in populations living further away from the equator in colder environments. This is due to the fact that a thin body with relatively long appendages is less compact and subsequently has more surface area. The greater the body area, the faster body heat will be lost to the environment. A tall and slender individual will have the same volume but greater surface area. It is comparable to an animal with arm and legs. I will demonstrate to you in this essay that even though the Allan rule and Bergmann rule are two different rules they are also complementary to each other. I will show this through explaining each on thoroughly, compare and contrast them and by presenting examples for e ach rule. Carl Bergmann was a 19th century biologist who pointed out that amongst birds and mammal individuals of the same species tend to be larger and heavier when they lived in colder climates. This applies to pumas, bears, koalas, penguins, etc. Even in the case of people, there is an obvious difference between the height and weight of a high-latitude Scandinavian and those of an equatorial pygmy.

Ray Ban

Introduction †¢Ray-Ban is an Italian owned brand of sunglasses founded in 1937 by Bausch & Lomb. They were introduced for the United States Army Air Corps. Ray-Ban has popularized the aviator sunglassess and now creates sunglasses to suit everybody. †¢In 2007, Ray-Ban re-introduced the original Ray-Ban Wayfarer design, but expanded the colour options beyond the traditional palette to include patterns like checks and camouflage and colours like navy, white, turquoise, red, and blue. You can see people staring at you with Ray Ban sunglasses when you opened up your fashion magazine. †¢There’s not a generation alive that can't remember owning (or wanting to own) a pair of these iconic sunglasses. o Presidents o movie stars o rock stars o artists o fashion designers o runway models Tribe Profile †¢We found from our questionnaires that Hipsters are quite fashionable people who want to make a statement about themselves with their unique style. We also found that t he majority of Hipsters ages range from 16-28.Therefore we aim to create a modern style of glasses that this age group will find attractive †¢Hipsters can live in various households and generally we found that marital and family status had little effect on their reason if they were to buy the product. Hipster mostly composed of young generation teens who are still studying so their income is greatly limited. Furthermore they mostly live with their parents and we realize that we have to make it affordable for this market as this is the baulk of the hipster market. We also realize that their families are mainly middle class from urban areas. Furthermore the research reveals that macro environmental forces. In particular Demography, Culture, Geography, Economic and Natural environment factors will have a significant impact on the Hipster behaviour. Objectives oTo gain more new customers a month as well taking market share from competitors to increase customer base omaintain our cu rrent customers ogain new customers to increase the number of sales by 20% a month oobtain a higher profit by introducing these sunglasses into the marketplace oincrease brand reputation worldwide The target audience is fully informed about features and benefits of our products oto be fashion pioneers in the industry Product†¢Shades is a new product, that allows users to change their shade colour on the fly using an eletronic switch located on their sunglassess. Customers have the ability to customise their selection of colours when purchasing their new pair. †¢Users cycle through their selected lens colour by pressing a button. The variable lens colour gives more versatility to the user. Demography †¢Age: in between 16-28. Size: Bigger size of young population will result in more sales. †¢Density: Denser population will help in cost cutting as fewer stores will be covering large population which will reduce the fixed costs. †¢Occupation: Anyone with white c ollar job is less likely to be hipster similarly hipsters working long hours and demanding job are less likely to go out or spend more time in dressing up.On the other hand if it’s a student or someone from fashion industry is most likely to go out and spend more time on their looks. †¢Culture: can affect clothing design and style for e. . some culture has their own different printing of native animals, plants and landmarks such as Aborigines similarly in some culture skin show is not appropriate. †¢Geography: Climate can affect clothing style and colours but not as many on glasses. e. g. in hot weather loose clothing and light colours products and in colder areas warm bright colours. †¢Economic environment: Economic condition would have minor effect as glasses are not bought on regular bases. †¢Natural Environment: Our product is recyclable and made of 80% recycled material.Launch Strategy 4ps Product: The new product offers changeable lens colours on the fly. Ray ban consists of wayfarer, aviator, clubmaster, cockpit, caravan, rare prints, Jackie ohh, warrior; daddy o. Ray ban offers several models and dozens of optional features. The glasses come with a comprehensive warranty that is the best part of ray ban glasses. †¢ Promotion: Ray ban spends million each years on advertising in Australia to tell about the company and its many products. Ray ban embedded in both on and offline campaigns , through media channels ,television, magazines, billboards ,online advertisements thought tv celebrities.Ray ban also promoted through discount sales and promo items. †¢ Price: Ray ban understood the need of people very well and diversified it price according to customers’ suitability. Ray ban also have expensive limited edition for those who want for brag. The price for normal Ray ban glasses is between 100 to 200 dollars. Being the leader Ray ban remain their price unchanged. †¢ Place: Ray ban understood the important of diversifying its products which explains its implementation on eyewear market. New innovations and better services, better communication will allow Ray ban to maintain its position in market.SWOT analysis †¢Strengths oLong standing and well established brand. oHigh quality and durable oProvide numerous styles and many color options oMany of the sunglasses are gender neutral oAppeals to many generations oPromise 100% anti reflective lenses, which protect eyes against harmful rays. †¢Weaknesses oCostly products oExclusivity of distribution channels Opportunities oRaise awareness about the important of protective lenses. oChance fro brand extension and expansion. oEmphasize Ray ban as a brand that values individuality and self-expression. To create valuable partnerships with other brands with similar messages and larger audience.†¢Threats oIn hard economic times peoples buy designer products. oMany stores sell cheaper versions of Ray ban. oMay seen as a trend that will d ie out. oConsumer brand loyalty to other sunglasses Competitors †¢ Oakley sunglasses focus on protecting the users' eyes from the sun, they accomplish this through use plutonite, which is a type of patented material, in their lenses to filter out any possible contact that UVA, UVB, UVC and harmful blue light may have with your eyes. ANSI impact tests are safety measures that glasses go through to see how well they are made and will perform. The ANSI impact tests are regarded as the gold standard safety test and Oakley sunglasses exceed the standards set by these tests. †¢ Oakley's High Definition Optics are known for exceeding these standard while using 3D technology to do so. †¢ The lenses seen in Ray-Ban eyewear products are often overshadowed by those seen in Oakley products. These higher quality and standards are often reflected in the expensive price of Oakley glasses.The Prada eyewear collection comes in different designs, styles, and colours. Offers metal frame s that are specially, made from a special metal alloy that is fade-resistant, and lightweight and convenient to use. ($350-$500) †¢ Offer plastic or nylon frames, which offer safe and lightweight protection for the eyes. Most nylon-framed sunglasses by Prada carry the distinctive Prada logo on the side of the frame. ($200-$400) †¢ Offers the Prada Sport eyewear collection, which is, targeted and specially designed for sports enthusiasts and individuals. The Prada Sport eyewear collection, also, comes in, metal and nylon frames. Prada has quality and style with correction eyeglasses.